カイロス時間：All Dogs Live in the Moment--飼い主と一緒なら、何歳からでも犬は変われる

CATEGORY

カイロス時間

［2020］フィンランドの愛犬1万3700頭における犬の不安症の有病率、合併症、犬種の違い

Prevalence, comorbidity, and breed differences in canine anxiety in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs

書誌情報Salonen, M., Sulkama, S., Mikkola, S. et al. Prevalence, comorbidity, and breed differences in canine anxiety in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs. Sci Rep 10, 2962 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59837-z

Notice

表題の論文を日本語訳してみました。翻訳アプリにかけた日本語訳を英文に照らして修正していますが、表記のゆれや訳の間違いがあるかもしれません。正確に内容を知りたい方は、原文をご覧ください。

Abstract：要旨

Behaviour problems and anxieties in dogs decrease their quality of life and may lead to relinquishment or euthanasia.

犬の行動問題や不安は生活の質を低下させ、飼育放棄や安楽死につながることもある。

Considering the large number of pet dogs and the commonness of these problematic behaviours, a better understanding of the epidemiology and related molecular and environmental factors is needed.

ペットの犬の数が多く、これらの問題行動が一般的であることを考慮すると、疫学および関連する分子的・環境的要因のより深い理解が必要である。

We have here studied the prevalence, comorbidity, and breed specificity of seven canine anxiety-like traits: noise sensitivity, fearfulness, fear of surfaces and heights, inattention/impulsivity, compulsion, separation related behaviour and aggression with an online behaviour questionnaire answered by dog owners.

私たちは、犬の飼い主が回答するオンライン行動調査票を用いて、7つの犬の不安様特徴（騒音過敏、恐怖心、表面や高所恐怖、不注意/衝動性、強迫、分離関連行動、攻撃性）の有病率、併存率、犬種特異性を調査した。

Our results show that noise sensitivity is the most common anxiety-related trait with a prevalence of 32% in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs.

その結果、騒音過敏症は最も一般的な不安関連形質であり、13,700頭のフィンランドの愛犬における有病率は32％であった。

Due to the high prevalence of noise sensitivity and fear, they were the most common comorbidities.

騒音過敏症と恐怖症の有病率が高いため、これらの合併症が最も多かった。

However, when comparing the relative risk, the largest risk ratios were seen between hyperactivity/inattention, separation related behaviour and compulsion, and between fear and aggression.

しかし、相対リスクを比較すると、多動・不注意、分離関連行動、強迫の間、恐怖と攻撃性の間で最大のリスク比が見られた。

Furthermore, dog breeds showed large differences in prevalence of all anxiety-related traits, suggesting a strong genetic contribution.

さらに、犬種はすべての不安関連形質の有病率に大きな差を示し、遺伝的な関与が強いことが示唆された。

As a result, selective breeding focusing on behaviour may reduce the prevalence of canine anxieties. Anxious animals may suffer from chronic stress and thus, modified breeding policies could improve the welfare of our companion dogs.

その結果、行動に焦点を当てた選択的繁殖が犬の不安症の蔓延を減らすかもしれない。不安症の動物は慢性的なストレスに苦しんでいる可能性があるため、繁殖方針を修正することで伴侶犬の福祉を向上させることができるだろう。

References：参考文献

  1. Dreschel, N. A. The effects of fear and anxiety on health and lifespan in pet dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 125, 157–162 (2010).
    Article Google Scholar

  2. Serpell, J. A. Evidence for association between pet behavior and owner attachement levels. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 47, 49–60 (1996).
    Article Google Scholar

  3. New, J. C. et al. Characteristics of Shelter-Relinquished Animals and Their Owners Compared With Animals and Their Owners in U.S. Pet-Owning Households. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 3, 179–201 (2000).
    Article Google Scholar

  4. Patronek, G. J., Glickman, L. T., Beck, A. M., McCabe, G. P. & Ecker, C. Risk factors for relinquishment of dogs to an animal shelter. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 209, 572–581 (1996).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  5. O’Neill, D. G., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., Thomson, P. C. & Brodbelt, D. C. Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England. Vet. J. 198, 638–643 (2013).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Fatjó, J., Ruiz-de-la-Torre, J. L. & Manteca, X. The epidemiology of behavioural problems in dogs and cats: a survey of veterinary practitioners. Anim. Welf. 15, 179–185 (2006).
    Google Scholar

  7. Gilchrist, J., Sacks, J. J., White, D. & Kresnow, M.-J. Dog bites: still a problem? Inj. Prev. 14, 296–301 (2008).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Overall, K. L. Natural animal models of human psychiatric conditions: assessment of mechanism and validity. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 24, 727–776 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Dinwoodie, I. R., Dwyer, B., Zottola, V., Gleason, D. & Dodman, N. H. Demographics and comorbidity of behavior problems in dogs. J. Vet. Behav. 32, 62–71 (2019).
    Article Google Scholar

  10. Col, R., Day, C. & Phillips, C. J. C. An epidemiological analysis of dog behavior problems presented to an Australian behavior clinic, with associated risk factors. J. Vet. Behav. 15, 1–11 (2016).
    Article Google Scholar

  11. Hsu, Y. & Serpell, J. A. Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 223, 1293–1300 (2003).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Khoshnegah, J., Azizzadeh, M. & Mahmoodi Gharaie, A. Risk factors for the development of behavior problems in a population of Iranian domestic dogs: Results of a pilot survey. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 131, 123–130 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar

  13. Bamberger, M. & Houpt, K. A. Signalment factors, comorbidity, and trends in behavior diagnoses in dogs: 1,644 cases (1991–2001). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 229, 1591–1601 (2006).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Blackwell, E. J., Bradshaw, J. W. S. & Casey, R. A. Fear responses to noises in domestic dogs: Prevalence, risk factors and co-occurrence with other fear related behaviour. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 145, 15–25 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar

  15. Martínez, Á. G., Santamarina Pernas, G., Diéguez Casalta, F. J., Suárez Rey, M. L. & De la Cruz Palomino, L. F. Risk factors associated with behavioral problems in dogs. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 6, 225–231 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar

  16. Tiira, K., Sulkama, S. & Lohi, H. Prevalence, comorbidity, and behavioral variation in canine anxiety. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 16, 36–44 (2016).
    Article Google Scholar

  17. Storengen, L. M. & Lingaas, F. Noise sensitivity in 17 dog breeds: Prevalence, breed risk and correlation with fear in other situations. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 171, 152–160 (2015).
    Article Google Scholar

  18. Blackwell, E., Casey, R. & Bradshaw, J. Firework fears and phobias in the domestic dog. RSPCA Rep. (2005).

  19. Sherman, B. L. & Mills, D. S. Canine Anxieties and Phobias: An Update on Separation Anxiety and Noise Aversions. Vet. Clin. North Am. – Small Anim. Pract. 38, 1081–1106 (2008).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Overall, K. L., Dunham, A. E. & Frank, D. Frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, and noise phobia, alone or in combination. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 219, 467–473 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Arvelius, P., Eken Asp, H., Fikse, W. F., Strandberg, E. & Nilsson, K. Genetic analysis of a temperament test as a tool to select against everyday life fearfulness in Rough Collie. J. Anim. Sci. 92, 4843–4855 (2014).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Ruefenacht, S., Gebhardt-Henrich, S., Miyake, T. & Gaillard, C. A behaviour test on German Shepherd dogs: Heritability of seven different traits. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 79, 113–132 (2002).
    Article Google Scholar

  23. Ilska, J. et al. Genetic Characterization of Dog Personality Traits. Genetics 206, 1101–1111 (2017).
    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  24. Goddard, M. E. & Beilharz, R. G. Genetics of traits which determine the suitability of dogs as guide-dogs for the blind. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 9, 299–315 (1983).
    Article Google Scholar

  25. Wilsson, E. & Sundgren, P.-E. Behaviour test for eight-week old puppies—heritabilities of tested behaviour traits and its correspondence to later behaviour. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 58, 151–162 (1998).
    Article Google Scholar

  26. MacLean, E. L. & Snyder-Mackler, N., vonHoldt, B. M. & Serpell, J. A. Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 286, 20190716 (2019).

  27. Hradecká, L., Bartoš, L., Svobodová, I. & Sales, J. Heritability of behavioural traits in domestic dogs: A meta-analysis. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 170, 1–13 (2015).
    Article Google Scholar

  28. Overall, K. L. & Dunham, A. E. Clinical features and outcome in dogs and cats with obsessive-compulsive disorder: 126 cases (1989-2000). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 221, 1445–1452 (2002).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Dodman, N. H. et al. A canine chromosome 7 locus confers compulsive disorder susceptibility. Mol. Psychiatry 15, 8–10 (2010).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Sarviaho, R. et al. Two novel genomic regions associated with fearfulness in dogs overlap human neuropsychiatric loci. Transl. Psychiatry 9, 18 (2019).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  31. Bennett, P. C. & Rohlf, V. I. Owner-companion dog interactions: Relationships between demographic variables, potentially problematic behaviours, training engagement and shared activities. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 102, 65–84 (2007).
    Article Google Scholar

  32. Tiira, K. & Lohi, H. Early life experiences and exercise associate with canine anxieties. PLoS One 10, e0141907 (2015).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  33. Tiira, K. et al. Environmental Effects on Compulsive Tail Chasing in Dogs. PLoS One 7, e41684 (2012).
    Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  34. Overall, K. L., Tiira, K., Broach, D. & Bryant, D. Genetics and behavior: A guide for practitioners. Vet. Clin. North Am. – Small Anim. Pract. 44, 483–505 (2014).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  35. Edwards, P. T. et al. Investigating risk factors that predict a dog’s fear during veterinary consultations. PLoS One 14, e0215416 (2019).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  36. Takeuchi, Y., Ogata, N., Houpt, K. A. & Scarlett, J. M. Differences in background and outcome of three behavior problems of dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 70, 297–308 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Hsu, Y. & Sun, L. Factors associated with aggressive responses in pet dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 123, 108–123 (2010).
    Article Google Scholar

  38. Flint, H. E., Coe, J. B., Serpell, J. A., Pearl, D. L. & Niel, L. Risk factors associated with stranger-directed aggression in domestic dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 197, 45–54 (2017).
    Article Google Scholar

  39. Kubinyi, E., Turcsán, B. & Miklósi, Á. Dog and owner demographic characteristics and dog personality trait associations. Behav. Processes 81, 392–401 (2009).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Temesi, A., Turcsán, B. & Miklósi, Á. Measuring fear in dogs by questionnaires: An exploratory study toward a standardized inventory. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 161, 121–130 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar

  41. Starling, M. J., Branson, N., Thomson, P. C. & McGreevy, P. D. ‘Boldness’ in the domestic dog differs among breeds and breed groups. Behav. Processes 97, 53–62 (2013).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  42. Vas, J., Topál, J., Péch, É. & Miklósi, Á. Measuring attention deficit and activity in dogs: A new application and validation of a human ADHD questionnaire. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 103, 105–117 (2007).
    Article Google Scholar

  43. Lit, L., Schweitzer, J. B., Iosif, A.-M. & Oberbauer, A. M. Owner reports of attention, activity, and impulsivity in dogs: a replication study. Behav. Brain Funct. 6, 1 (2010).
    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  44. Wright, H. F., Mills, D. S. & Pollux, P. M. J. Development and Validation of a Psychometric Tool for Assessing Impulsivity in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris). Int. J. Comp. Psychol. 24, 210–225 (2011).
    Google Scholar

  45. Serpell, J. A. & Duffy, D. L. Aspects of Juvenile and Adolescent Environment Predict Aggression and Fear in 12-Month-Old Guide Dogs. Front. Vet. Sci. 3, 49 (2016).
    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  46. Svartberg, K. Breed-typical behaviour in dogs—Historical remnants or recent constructs? Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 96, 293–313 (2006).
    Article Google Scholar

  47. Ley, J. M., Bennett, P. C. & Coleman, G. J. A refinement and validation of the Monash Canine Personality Questionnaire (MCPQ). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 116, 220–227 (2009).
    Article Google Scholar

  48. Turcsán, B., Kubinyi, E. & Miklósi, Á. Trainability and boldness traits differ between dog breed clusters based on conventional breed categories and genetic relatedness. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 132, 61–70 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar

  49. McConnell, P. B. & Baylis, J. R. Interspecific Communication in Cooperative Herding: Acoustic and Visual Signals from Human Shepherds and Herding Dogs. Ethology 67, 302–328 (1985).
    Google Scholar

  50. Duffy, D. L., Hsu, Y. & Serpell, J. A. Breed differences in canine aggression. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 114, 441–460 (2008).
    Article Google Scholar

  51. Zapata, I., Serpell, J. A. & Alvarez, C. E. Genetic mapping of canine fear and aggression. BMC Genomics 17, 572 (2016).
    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  52. McGreevy, P. D. & Masters, A. M. Risk factors for separation-related distress and feed-related aggression in dogs: Additional findings from a survey of Australian dog owners. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 109, 320–328 (2008).
    Article Google Scholar

  53. Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Top-Down  Cognitive Control. Neuron 69, 680–694 (2011).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  54. Tiira, K. & Lohi, H. Reliability and validity of a questionnaire survey in canine anxiety research. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 155, 82–92 (2014).Article Google Scholar

  55. Puurunen, J. et al. Physiological and environmental factors associated with social fear in pet dogs. Manuscript submitted. (2020).

  56. Finnish Kennel Club. Breeding database: Registrations. Available at: https://jalostus.kennelliitto.fi/frmRekisteroinnit.aspx?Lang=en, (Accessed: 28th January 2020)

  57. van der Waaij, E. H., Wilsson, E. & Strandberg, E. Genetic analysis of results of a Swedish behavior test on German Shepherd Dogs and Labrador Retrievers. J. Anim. Sci. 86, 2853–2861 (2008).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  58. Kis, A. et al. Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Human Directed Social Behavior in Dogs (Canis familiaris). PLoS One 9, e83993 (2014).
    Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  59. Ottenheimer-Carrier, L., Ricketts, C. J., Perry, E. A., Anderson, R. E. & Walsh, C. J. Owner-reported personality assessments are associated with breed groups but not with oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). J. Vet. Behav. 18, 62–68 (2017).
    Article Google Scholar

  60. AVMA. 2017-2018 U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook.

  61. FEDIAF. Facts & Figures. (2018).

  62. Sonntag, Q. & Overall, K. L. Key determinants of dog and cat welfare: behaviour, breeding and household lifestyle. Rev. Sci. Tech. 33, 213–220 (2014).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

  63. Feaver, J., Mendl, M. & Bateson, P. A method for rating the individual distinctiveness of domestic cats. Anim. Behav. 34, 1016–1025 (1986).
    Article Google Scholar

  64. Momozawa, Y. et al. Assessment of equine temperament by a questionnaire survey to caretakers and evaluation of its reliability by simultaneous behavior test. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 84, 127–138 (2003).
    Article Google Scholar

  65. Duffy, D. L. & Serpell, J. A. Predictive validity of a method for evaluating temperament in young guide and service dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 138, 99–109 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar

  66. Mirkó, E., Dóka, A. & Miklósi, Á. Association between subjective rating and behaviour coding and the role of experience in making video assessments on the personality of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 149, 45–54 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar

  67. Wilsson, E. & Sinn, D. L. Are there differences between behavioral measurement methods? A comparison of the predictive validity of two ratings methods in a working dog program. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 141, 158–172 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar

  68. Gosling, S. D., Kwan, V. S. Y. & John, O. P. A dog’s got personality: a cross-species comparative approach to personality judgments in dogs and humans. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85, 1161–1169 (2003).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  69. Bennett, S. L., Litster, A., Weng, H. Y., Walker, S. L. & Luescher, A. U. Investigating behavior assessment instruments to predict aggression in dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 141, 139–148 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar

  70. Ausvet. Epitools – Sample size to estimate a proportion or apparent prevalence with specified precision. Available at: https://epitools.ausvet.com.au/oneproportion, (Accessed: 8th January 2020)

  71. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (2016).

  72. Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., Williams, L. M. & Humphreys, K. A trans-diagnostic review of anxiety disorder comorbidity and the impact of multiple exclusion criteria on studying clinical outcomes in anxiety disorders. Transl. Psychiatry 6, e847 (2016).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Prevalence, comorbidity, and breed differences in canine anxiety in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs - Scientific Reports

Behaviour problems and anxieties in dogs decrease their quality of life and may lead to relinquishment or euthanasia. Considering the large number of pet dogs and the commonness of these problematic behaviours, a better understanding of the epidemiology and related molecular and environmental factors is needed. We have here studied the prevalence, comorbidity, and breed specificity of seven canine anxiety-like traits: noise sensitivity, fearfulness, fear of surfaces and heights, inattention/impulsivity, compulsion, separation related behaviour and aggression with an online behaviour questionnaire answered by dog owners. Our results show that noise sensitivity is the most common anxiety-related trait with a prevalence of 32% in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs. Due to the high prevalence of noise sensitivity and fear, they were the most common comorbidities. However, when comparing the relative risk, the largest risk ratios were seen between hyperactivity/inattention, separation related behaviour and compulsion, and between fear and aggression. Furthermore, dog breeds showed large differences in prevalence of all anxiety-related traits, suggesting a strong genetic contribution. As a result, selective breeding focusing on behaviour may reduce the prevalence of canine anxieties. Anxious animals may suffer from chronic stress and thus, modified breeding policies could improve the welfare of our companion dogs.

［2018］犬の過敏症多動症候群に関するレトロスペクティブ研究：フルオキセチン大量投与の長期成績と臨床スコアの提案 前の記事 ［2019］性別、去勢手術の有無、血統は行動問題の有症率に顕著な影響を及ぼす 次の記事

関連記事